The decrease in paper and board production in 2023 (-13 percent) resulting from low demand was far more pronounced even than during the Covid-19 crisis (-4.7 percent in 2020). This is a trend that is not particular only to Europe, but the global slowdown has been worsened in the EU by comparatively high costs for production inputs, notably energy. The European economy as a whole has lost momentum, against the background of a high cost of living, monetary tightening, and a weak external demand.
All paper and board grades recorded a sharp decline of production, with a varied situation across grades. The production of packaging grades decreased by 11 percent in 2023 compared to 2022 while sanitary and household paper registered a decrease by about 4.0 percent.
Despite these developments the pulp and paper industry displayed some surprising signs of robustness in 2023, with an exceptional recycling rate of 79.3 percent – or 74.4 percent on a three-year rolling average. It remains more than ever a “made-in-Europe” industry with 91 percent of fibers sourced from within the European Union. Adding to this was a positive trade balance for market pulp, produced to be sold on the market rather than used on-site, for the first time since data is collected by Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI).
The trade balance for the sector overall remains high, placing it in the top European manufacturing sectors on that metric. Still, this second consecutive year of decrease could point towards a loss in global competitiveness for Europe’s pulp and paper industry.
In another area of high performance amongst industrial sectors, the decoupling of pulp and paper production from CO2 emissions continues on a steady trajectory, decreasing by 5.8 percent in 2023. The sector has already achieved over 46 percent reduction of carbon emissions since 2005. Investments remain proportionally high, despite a continuously difficult context, and will need to accelerate in the coming years to reach the decarbonization objectives set by the European Commission.
An early sample of company data points towards a rebound in production and profitability across all European pulp and paper sector segments in 2024. But the industry’s position remains far from what it was before the Covid crisis and war in Ukraine.
